Biografi Tugu Pahlawan

Tugu Pahlawan

Tugu Pahlawan, adalah sebuah monumen yang menjadi markah tanah Kota Surabaya. Monumen ini setinggi 41,15 meter berbentuk lingga atau paku terbalik. Tubuh monumen berbentuk lengkungan-lengkungan (Canalures) sebanyak 10 lengkungan, dan terbagi atas 11 ruas. Tinggi, ruas, dan canalures mengandung makna tanggal 10, bulan 11, tahun 1945. Suatu tanggal bersejarah, bukan hanya bagi penduduk Kota Surabaya, tetapi juga bagi seluruh Rakyat Indonesia.

Tugu Pahlawan dibangun untuk memperingati peristiwa Pertempuran 10 November 1945 di Surabaya, dimana arek-arek Suroboyo berjuang melawan pasukan Sekutu bersama Belanda yang hendak menjajah kembali Indonesia.

Monumen Tugu Pahlawan menjadi pusat perhatian setiap tanggal 10 November mengenang peristiwa pada tahun 1945 ketika banyak pahlawan yang gugur dalam perang kemerdekaan.

Monumen ini berada di tengah-tengah kota di Jalan Pahlawan Surabaya, dan di dekat Kantor Gubernur Jawa Timur. Tugu Pahlawan merupakan salah satu ikon Kota Surabaya sebagai Kota Pahlawan. Berdiri di atas tanah lapang seluas 1,3 hektar, dan secara administratif berada di wilayah Kelurahan Alun-Alun Contong, Kecamatan Bubutan, Kota Surabaya.

Ada dua pendapat mengenai siapa yang menjadi pemrakarsa, sekaligus arsitek monumen yang terletak di Jalan Pahlawan Surabaya ini. Menurut Gatot Barnowo, monumen ini diprakarsai oleh Doel Arnowo, yang saat itu menjabat sebagai Kepala Daerah Kota Besar Surabaya. Kemudian ia meminta Ir. Tan untuk merancang gambar monumen yang dimaksud, untuk selanjutnya diajukan kepada Presiden Soekarno.

Sedangkan menurut Ir. Soendjasmono, pemrakarsa monumen ini adalah Ir. Soekarno sendiri. Ide ini mendapat perhatian khusus dari Walikota Surabaya, Doel Arnowo. Untuk perencanaan dan gambarnya diserahkan kepada Ir. R. Soeratmoko, yang telah mengalahkan beberapa arsitektur lainnya dalam sayembara untuk pemilihan arsitek untuk membangun monumen ini.

Pada awalnya pekerjaan pembangunan Monumen Tugu Pahlawan ditangani Balai Kota Surabaya sendiri. Kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Indonesian Engineering Corporation, yang kemudian diteruskan oleh Pemborong Saroja. Monumen yang dibangun selama sepuluh bulan ini, diresmikan oleh Presiden Soekarno pada tanggal 10 November 1952.

Di bawah tanah lahan Tugu Pahlawan ini terdapat sebuah museum untuk mengenang jasa-jasa para pahlawan yang berjuang di Surabaya, di museum ini juga terdapat foto-foto dokumentasi pembangunan Tugu Pahlawan. Museum ini diresmikan pada tanggal 19 Februari 2000 oleh Presiden K.H Abdurrahman Wahid.

Negara Maju Dan Negara Berkembang

Negara Maju Dan Negara Berkembang

-         Contoh Negara Maju

Amerika Serikat

Negara Amerika Serikat memiliki beberapa sebutan, antara lain negara Adikuasa, negara Superpower, dan negara Paman Sam. Setelah Uni Soviet runtuh, Amerika Serikat menjadi satu-satunya negara Adikuasa di dunia. Amerika Serikat memiliki kekuatan ekonomi terbesar di dunia. Pendapatan per kapita penduduk mencapat 47.400 US Dollar. Kegiatan perekonomian Amerika Serikat dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut.

A.    Industri

Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kemajuan industri di Amerika Serikat antara lain:

1.      Kekayaan sumber daya alam melimpah

2.      Memiliki modal yang besar

3.      Memiliki potensi pasar nasional dan internasional

4.      Kualitas sumber daya manusia yang tinggi

5.      Memiliki teknologi yang tinggi

6.      Memiliki organisasi yang sudah teratur

Jenis dan lokasi industri penting di Amerika Serikat antara lain:

1.      Industri mobil, mesin-mesin, dan bahan kimia terletak di Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland, dan Buffalo.

2.      Industri pesawat terbang terletak di Los Angeles dan Akron.

3.      Industri tekstil terletak di George dan California.

4.      Industri minyak, kapal, alat listrik, dan kimia terdapat di Texas, New York, Baltimore, dan Philadelpia.

5.      Industri pengolahan hasil pertanian terdapat di St. Luis, Mineapolis, Kansas City, dan memphis.

6.      Industri besi baja terdapat di Pitssburg, Cleveland, Birmingham, dan Duluth.

7.      Industri tembaga terdapat di Anaconda.

B.     Perdagangan

Kegiatan ekspor dan impor di Amerika Serikat berkembang dengan pesat. Barang-barang yang diekspor antara lain mesin-mesin, kapal laut, kapal terbang, besi baja, mobil, alat elektronik, senjata, makanan kaleng, susu, obat-obatan, jagung, gandum, kapas, dan wol. Barang-barang yang diimpor antara lain kayu, minyak bumi, gas alam, kopi, teh, gula, karet, cokelat, timah putih, dan bauksit.

C.     Pertanian

Amerika Serikat memiliki lahan pertanian yang luas, sekitar 47% dari luas daratannya. Pertanian di Amerika Serikat menggunakan teknologi modern. Tanaman yang dibudidayakan antara lain jagung, gandum, biji-bijian, buah-buahan, dan sayur-sayuran. Daerah penghasil gandum disebut Wheat Belt. Daerah penghasil jagung disebut Corn Belt. Daerah penghasil kapas disebut Cotton Belt.

D.    Pertambangan

Amerika Serikat memiliki berbagai macam hasil tambang. Berbagai hasil tambang dan lokasi tambang yang ada di Amerika Serikat di antaranya sebagai berikut:

1.      Minyak bumi terletak di California, Texas, Oklahoma, Lousiana, New Meksiko, dan Pensylvania.

2.      Batu bara terletak di Pensylvania Barat, Kentucky, Virgina Barat, Lowa, Oklahoma, Missiouri, Michigan, dan Indiana.

3.      Bijih besi terletak di sekitar Danau Superior dan Pegunungan Allegheny.

4.      Molebdenum terletak di Utah dan Kolorado.

5.      Tembaca terletak di Utah, Montana, dan Arizona.

6.      Emas terletak di Nevada, Sacramento, dan Colorado.

-         Contoh Negara Berkembang

Brasil

Brasil merupakan negara terluas yang ada di Amerika Selatan. Brasil menjadi negara terbesar kelima di dunia setelah Rusia, Kanada, Cina, dan Amerika Serikat. Brasil memiliki luas wilayah 8.511.965 km². Posisi geografisnya pada 6^o LU-35^o LS dan 35^o BB-74^o BB.

A.    Kependudukan

Wilayah Brasil yang luas memengaruhi persebaran penduduknya yang tidak merata. Kepadatan penduduk yang tertinggi terdapat di daerah perkotaan dan kota-kota pantai, sementara di daerah perdesaan kepadatan penduduknya lebih rendah. Pada tahun 2010 jumlah penduduk Brasil diperkirakan mencapai 201.103.330 jiwa. Brasil menjadi negara berpenduduk terbesar kelima di dunia. Penduduk Brasil terdiri atas warga kulit putih, Mulatto (campuran antara Portugis dan Afrika), Negro, dan suku bangsa yang lain seperti Jepang, Arab, dan Amerindian. Penduduk asli Brasil adalah suku Indian.

B.     Perekonomian

Pembangunan ekonomi Brasil ditekankan di sektor pertanian, pertambangan, manufaktur, dan jasa. Kemajuan perekonomian Brasil disebabkan oleh stabilitas ekonomi, dan hasil-hasil pertanian yang berdaya saing tinggi.

C.     Pertanian dan Perkebunan

Pertanian dan perkebunan memegang peran utama dalam perekonoomian Brasil. Pertanian tidak lagi didominasi oleh satu jenis komoditas saja. Hasil pertanian lebih bervariasi dan dapat meningkatkan hasil ekspor. Pemerintah federal memberikan perhatian khusus bagi daerah-daerah pedalaman untuk pengembangan sektor pertanian melalui insentif keuangan dan fasilitas kredit khusus. Hasil pertanian Brasil antara lain gandum, padi, jagung, dan kacang kedelai. Produk lain, seperti karet, biji-bijian, dan serat kini banyak dibudidayakan.

D.    Pertambangan

Brasil memiliki berbagai bahan tambang yang melimpah. Negara ini memiliki bijih besi terbesar keenam di dunia yang terletak di negara bagian Minas Gerais dan Para. Selain bijih besi, Brasil memiliki kekayaan mangan keenam terbesar di dunia, kandungan bauksit ketiga terbesar di dunia, dan nikel. Di negara bagian Minas Gerais dan Goias ditemukan kandungan uranium. Brasil memiliki kandungan potassium, fosfat, tungsten, timbal, grafit, krom, emas, zirkon, serta mineral langka seperti torium dan bahan radioaktif. Negara ini menghasilkan 90% pasokan batu permata dunia, seperti intan, aquamarin, topaz, omethyst, tourmalin, dan zamrud.

E.     Perdagangan

Perdagangan di Brasil berkembang cukup pesat. Pemerintah Brasil membuat suatu jaringan promosi perdagangan yang berbasis internet untuk menyajikan informasi terbaru tentang peluang perdagangan dan investasi di Brasil. Untuk mendukung perdagangan, Brasil mengorganisasi pelabuhan dan bandara secara baik. Pelabuhan yang tersibuk di Brasil adalah Santos, Rio de Janiero, dan Porto Alegre. Bandara tersibuk di Brasil adalah Guarulhos di Sao Paulo dan Tom Jobim-Galeao di Rio de Janiero.

F.      Industri

Brasil mempu menetapkan dirinya dalam industri teknologi canggih, terutama bidang telekomunikasi, pengolahan data elektronik, dan bioteknologi. Sektor industri baja, mobil, dan petrokimia memegang peran penting di bidang industri dan ekonomi secara keseluruhan. Saat ini Brasil memiliki kompleks industri terbesar kesepuluh di dunia.

Contoh Narrative Text

 Narrative Text

The Bear And The Rabbit

Once upon a time, there lived a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the bear is always clumsy and could not use the arrow.

One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows.

He rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear's anger so he could not refuse it. He went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed he shot and killed so many that there were lots of meats left after.

However the bear did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. The rabbit could not even taste the meat. The poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day's work.

The bear was the father of five children. Fortunately, the youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward the rabbit's house.When he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit's house. In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal.

Pinocchio

Once upon a time, there was a puppeteer named Geppetto. He really wanted a boy but his wife has been died for a long time ago. One day, he had an idea. He wanted to make a puppet so he would never felt lonely again. He made a puppet all night without resting. In the morning, finally he finished his work. He named the puppet, Pinocchio. He played whole day with Pinocchio. However, he felt lonely again because Pinocchio couldn't talk or walk by himself. In the middle of the night, Geppetto prayed to the God. His wish was Pinocchio became a real boy, human. He thought it on his mind in his dream.

In the next morning, he surprised. Pinocchio was alive. He really was happy. He tough Pinocchio how to walk, how to speak, how to read etc. like a teacher. Pinocchio learned fast. He entered an elementary school. One day, Pinocchio felt bored. So, he went home late. Geppetto worried about him. When Pinocchio came to home, Geppetto asked him. He said he was on school but he didn't. Suddenly, Pinocchio's nose grow longer. It meant that Pinocchio lied.

The next day, Pinocchio got caught by thieves. The thieves was the owner of circus. Pinocchio became a slave for the circus. He was famous because he was a talking puppet. Geppetto worried him. Pinocchio didn't come home for 2 days. He found Pinocchio everywhere. When he discovered the sea, big wave smashed him. He was on whale's stomach when he awoke. He couldn't find the way out.

In different place, Pinocchio finally could get out from circus. He went to home but Geppetto wasn't on there. He found Geppetto at sea. He had the same accident like Geppetto. He met Geppetto in whale's stomach. They got out from its stomach by made a fire.

They went home back together. In the end, they lived happy forever after.

Golden Eggs
Long time ago a remote village, in central China was inhabited mainly with farmers and hunters. One day, a poor farmer lost his entire livestock to flood. He prayed hard to God for help or his family would die of starvation. Few days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don’t have any expensive thing to give you and hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.” A week later to almost surprise the farmer found and egg in his yard. This was no ordinary egg. It was a golden egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy. Thereafter, his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his earlier hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift. Strangely, the goose only laid one golden egg every six months. The greedy farmer lost his patient and slaughtered his goose thinking there were plenty of golden eggs inside its stomach. Though he very much regretted for his foolishness, it’s already too late.**

 

Ali Baba

Once upon a time there were 40 cruel thieves who put their stolen money and treasures in a cave. They went in the cave by saying ”Open Sesame” to the cave entrance. A poor person, named Ali Baba saw them while they were doing that, so he heard the opening word. After they left, he went toward the cave and opened it. Suddenly he found a very large quantity of money and golden treasures. He took some of it and went back home. After that he became a rich man and his brother wanted to know how he became rich. 

Ali Baba turned into the richest man in his village. His evil brother was really jealous of him, and wanted to know how he could get such a lot of money. Therefore, when Ali Baba went to the cave again to take some more money, his brother followed him. He saw everything, and decided to go back the next day to take some money for himself. The next morning he found a lot of money in the cave, and he wanted to take all of them. Unfortunately, when he was busy carrying the money to his house, the thieves came. The boss of the thieves asked him how he knew about the cave. He told everything, but unluckily they killed him and went to Ali Baba’s house.

After finding Ali Baba’s house, they made a plan to kill him the following night. Some of the thieves hid in big jars, and the boss pretended that he was a merchant who wanted to sell the jars to Ali Baba. Ali Baba who was a kind man invited the boss of the thief to have lunch together.      

After lunch they took a rest. Luckily, the house maid went out of the house, and found that there were thieves inside the jars. She finally boiled hot oil and poured it into the jars to kill all of them. The boss of the thieves was caught, and put into prison.

Ali Baba was saved from the danger, and he finally lived happily ever after with his maid who became his wife shortly after.

 

A Lane Going Up The Hill
It had been a heavy rainstorm in Kampung Sepang. Jabri and Halil had just finished their dinner together at Jabri’s house. They were sitting in the living room for coffee and conversation, hoping, the rain would stop soon.
It was half past eleven at night and the downpour was showing no signs for stopping. “It looks like you’ll have to spent the night here, Halil.” Said Jabri “No way,” Halil said, “I’ve to be at work early tomorrow morning.”
A few moment later Halil got into the car, started the engine, and said good night to Jibri. Something told him that he shouldn’t have turned off the lane going up the hill, but it was the shortest way home. He knew that lane. It run across an old Chinese cemetery. There were no lights, no cars, no people, just Halil and his old car.
All of a sudden, a white shape appeared in the middle of the lane. Halil shone his beam of light in that direction. The white shape turned to Halil. He saw a pair of crimson eyes staring at him. It was a-long-haired woman in a long white dress. She grinned at Halil.
At once, Halil felt his blood frozen. His heartbeat stopped. His mouth opened but he was speechless. His eyes opened widely in terror.
Suddenly consciousness came into his mind. He quickly reserved his car and sped away just in time.
“I think I’ll take up your offer to spend the night here after all,” Halil told Jabri with his legs trembling.

 

The Legend Of Rawa Pening

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.
 

Sincere Will Get a Great Return

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.

One day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused. “What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.

Then, King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again. After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”

The following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.

King Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando. The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy again.”